A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is typically comprised of rectangular windows containing panels and a menu bar. Panels can contain data displays which can be made interactive, and widgets (buttons, sliders, dials, text boxes and other things a user might interact with). The menu bar is typically along the top of a GUI window with cascading drop down menus that appear if the menu is somehow selected.
Most programs with a GUI have a thread that 'listens' for interaction and then changes variables and calls functions depending on the interaction with the GUI typically through keyboard or mouse actions. This is usually regarded as a form of 'event-based' programming.
The Python standard library package and module for GUI development is tkinter for which there is some additional reference documentation..
In tkinter, 'callbacks' are used to register a function with a GUI component, so that when the GUI component is actioned, the registered function is called. A callback is a function passed to another function, with the expectation that (depending on conditions) the function will be run.
The following code sets up a main window called 'root', a 'Label' called 'label', a 'Button' to modify the label text via the 'increment' function and a 'Button' to exit the program via the 'exiting' function. This code is also available in a file: gui1.py
import tkinter as tk
def increment():
global i
i = i + 1
label.config(text=str(i))
def exiting():
"""
Exit the program.
"""
root.quit()
root.destroy()
#sys.exit(0)
# Create the tkinter window
root = tk.Tk()
i = 0
# Create a Label widget
label = tk.Label(root, text=str(i))
# Create a Button widget and link this with the increment function
increment_button = tk.Button(root, text="Increment", command=increment)
# Create a Button widget and link this with the exiting function
exit_button = tk.Button(root, text="Exit", command=exiting)
# Pack widgets so they are visible.
label.pack()
increment_button.pack()
exit_button.pack()
# Start the GUI
root.mainloop()A slightly different look is provided by a more recent "themed" toolkit. The following does the same, but uses 'ttk' for the widgets. This code is also available in a file: gui2.py
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
def increment():
global i
i = i + 1
label.config(text=str(i))
def exiting():
"""
Exit the program.
"""
root.quit()
root.destroy()
#sys.exit(0)
# Create the tkinter window
root = tk.Tk()
i = 0
# Create a Label widget
label = ttk.Label(root, text=str(i))
# Create a Button widget and link this with the increment function
increment_button = ttk.Button(root, text="Increment", command=increment)
# Create a Button widget and link this with the exiting function
exit_button = ttk.Button(root, text="Exit", command=exiting)
# Pack widgets so they are visible.
label.pack()
increment_button.pack()
exit_button.pack()
# Start the GUI
root.mainloop()The following builds on the example setting up a menu and also configuring so that if the window is closed, then the program exits. This code is also available in a file: gui3.py
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
def increment():
global i
i = i + 1
label.config(text=str(i))
def exiting():
"""
Exit the program.
"""
root.quit()
root.destroy()
#sys.exit(0)
# Create the tkinter window
root = tk.Tk()
# Create a menu bar
menu_bar = tk.Menu(root)
root.config(menu=menu_bar)
increment_menu = tk.Menu(menu_bar)
menu_bar.add_cascade(label="Options", menu=increment_menu)
increment_menu.add_command(label="Increment", command=increment)
exit_menu = tk.Menu(menu_bar)
menu_bar.add_cascade(label="Exit", menu=exit_menu)
exit_menu.add_command(label="Exit", command=exiting)
i = 0
# Create a Label widget
label = ttk.Label(root, text=str(i))
# Create a Button widget and link this with the increment function
increment_button = ttk.Button(root, text="Increment", command=increment)
# Create a Button widget and link this with the exiting function
exit_button = ttk.Button(root, text="Exit", command=exiting)
# Pack widgets so they are visible.
label.pack()
increment_button.pack()
exit_button.pack()
# Exit if the window is closed.
root.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', exiting)
# Start the GUI
root.mainloop()The following sets up a scale or slider widget so that the user can move the slider to change the power used to dynamically scale a small raster data set. This code is also available in a file: gui4.py
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
import csv
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def read_data(path):
"""
Read data.
Parameters
----------
path : String
Path of the file to be read. The file is expected to be a rectangular
2D CSV format data with numerical values.
Returns
-------
data : List of lists
The data in row major order.
"""
f = open(path)
data = []
for line in csv.reader(f, quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC):
row = []
for value in line:
row.append(value)
data.append(row)
f.close()
#print(data)
return data
def plot(p):
"""
Redraws the canvas if there is a new power.
Parameters
----------
p : int
The power to raise values to.
Returns
-------
None.
"""
global p0
if p0 != p:
figure.clear()
#print(p)
data_p = []
#data.reverse()
for row in data:
row_p = []
for val in row:
row_p.append(val ** p)
data_p.append(row_p)
plt.imshow(data_p)
plt.show()
p0 = p
canvas.draw()
def exiting():
"""
Exit the program.
"""
root.quit()
root.destroy()
"""
Exit the program.
"""
root.quit()
try:
root.destroy()
except Exception:
# Prevents reporting of a harmless Tcl error message:
# "TclError: can't invoke "destroy" command: application has been destroyed"
pass
def update(x):
"""
Updates scale_label and canvas.
Parameters
----------
x : str.
Number.
Returns
-------
None.
"""
#print(x)
#print(type(x))
#print(scale.get())
#print(int(float(scale.get())))
# Integerise p
p = int(float(scale.get()))
scale_label.config(text='power=' + str(p))
plot(p)
# Initialise figure
figure = matplotlib.pyplot.figure(figsize=(7, 7))
#ax = figure.add_axes([0, 0, 1, 1])
# Initialise data
data = read_data('../../data/input/in.txt')
# Initialise p0
p0 = None
# Create the tkinter window
root = tk.Tk()
# Create a canvas to display the figure
canvas = matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg.FigureCanvasTkAgg(figure, master=root)
canvas._tkcanvas.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=1)
# Create a scale
scale = ttk.Scale(root, from_=1, to=10, command=update)
scale.pack()
# Create a Label widget to display scale value
scale_label = ttk.Label(root, text='Move the scale slider to choose a power and see an image.')
scale_label.pack()
# Create a Button widget and link this with the exiting function
exit_button = ttk.Button(root, text="Exit", command=exiting)
exit_button.pack()
# Exit if the window is closed.
root.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', exiting)
# Start the GUI
root.mainloop()There are various important things to consider in designing a GUI. Usually the aim is to provide a GUI that is intuitive to use. For software that does lots of things, it may be desriable to have parts of the interface hidden until activated, and to include a help system where users can search for infomration about how to use the software.
In GUI design, it is often helpful to consider what are the first and common things a user is likely to want to do. Also, what are they already familiar with? Often it is helpful to get feedback from users and involve them in GUI design and development.